Skip to main content

Research Repository

Advanced Search

The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure

Stokes, C.R.; Fowler, A.C.; Clark, C.D.; Hindmarsh, R.C.A.; Spagnolo, M.

The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure Thumbnail


Authors

A.C. Fowler

C.D. Clark

R.C.A. Hindmarsh

M. Spagnolo



Abstract

Despite their importance in understanding glaciological processes and constraining large-scale flow patterns in palaeo-glaciology, there is little consensus as to how drumlins are formed. Attempts to solve the ‘drumlin problem’ often fail to address how they are created from an initially flat surface in the absence of obvious cores or obstacles. This is a key strength of the instability theory, which has been described in a suite of physically-based mathematical models and proposes that the coupled flow of ice and till causes spontaneous formation of relief in the till surface. Encouragingly, model predictions of bedform height and length are consistent with observations and, furthermore, the theory has been applied to a range of subglacial bedforms and not just drumlins. However, it has yet to confront the myriad observations relating to the composition and internal structure of drumlins and this could be seen as a major deficiency. This paper is a first attempt to assess whether the instability theory is compatible with the incredible diversity of sediments and structures found within drumlins. We summarise the underlying principles of the theory and then describe and attempt to explain the main types of drumlin composition (e.g. bedrock, till, glaciofluvial sediments, and combinations thereof). Contrary to a view which suggests that the presence of some sedimentary sequences (e.g. horizontally stratified cores) is inconsistent with the theory, we suggest that one would actually expect a diverse range of constituents depending on the inheritance of sediments that pre-date drumlin formation, the duration and variability of ice flow, and the balance between erosion and deposition (till continuity) at the ice–bed interface. We conclude that the instability theory is compatible with (and potentially strengthened by) what is known about drumlin composition and, as such, offers the most complete and promising solution to the drumlin problem to date.

Citation

Stokes, C., Fowler, A., Clark, C., Hindmarsh, R., & Spagnolo, M. (2013). The instability theory of drumlin formation and its explanation of their varied composition and internal structure. Quaternary Science Reviews, 62, 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.011

Journal Article Type Article
Publication Date Feb 1, 2013
Deposit Date Jan 21, 2013
Publicly Available Date Mar 28, 2024
Journal Quaternary Science Reviews
Print ISSN 0277-3791
Publisher Elsevier
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 62
Pages 77-96
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.011
Keywords Drumlins, Instability theory, Subglacial erosion, Subglacial deposition, Ice sheets.

Files

Accepted Journal Article (4.3 Mb)
PDF

Copyright Statement
NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Quaternary science reviews. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Quaternary science reviews, 62, 2013, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.011





You might also like



Downloadable Citations