Quantifying short-term surface changes on recreational trails: The use of topographic surveys and ‘digital elevation models of differences’ (DODs)

Abstract

This study applied a new method for detailed surveys of short-term dynamics in the surface of recreational trails. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the spatial aspect of surface changes in microscale; (2) to quantify precisely the short-term rate of soil loss and deposition. Measurements were taken in 12 test fields, located in two protected natural areas in the south of Poland: the Gorce National Park and Poprad Landscape Park. The measuring places were located on trails characterized by different slopes, types of vegetation, and types of use. Each of the test fields was established by four special marks, firmly dug into the ground. The use of precise elevation data provided by the electronic total station and digital elevation models (DEMs) of difference allowed us to assess the sediment budget of the surface changes. The proposed method allowed for obtaining information not only for profile lines but also for specified areas. In such a way, the spatial and temporal dynamics of geomorphologic processes influencing the trail tread could be studied. During a two-year period (2008–2010), soil loss dominated within 10 test fields, while a predominance of deposition was recorded for the remaining two. The average net volumetric change of the trail surface varied from − 0.035 m3 m− 2 per year to + 0.005 m3 m− 2 per year. The short-term dynamics was high and several test fields had a positive balance (predominance of deposition) in one period and negative balance (predominance of soil loss) in the next period. Local geomorphic conditions, morphology of the trail tread and soil properties seemed to be the most important factors contributing to the relief transformation. No connection was demonstrated between the amount of use (i.e. number of visitors) or type of use and the amount of soil loss or deposition.