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Flexibility, variability and constraint in energy management patterns across vertebrate taxa revealed by long‐term heart rate measurements

Halsey, Lewis G.; Green, Jonathan A.; Twiss, Sean D.; Arnold, Walter; Burthe, Sarah J.; Butler, Patrick J.; Cooke, Steven J.; Grémillet, David; Ruf, Thomas; Hicks, Olivia; Minta, Katarzyna J.; Prystay, Tanya S.; Wascher, Claudia A.F.; Careau, Vincent

Authors

Lewis G. Halsey

Jonathan A. Green

Walter Arnold

Sarah J. Burthe

Patrick J. Butler

Steven J. Cooke

David Grémillet

Thomas Ruf

Olivia Hicks

Katarzyna J. Minta

Tanya S. Prystay

Claudia A.F. Wascher

Vincent Careau



Abstract

1. Animals are expected to be judicious in the use of the energy they gain due to the costs and limits associated with its intake. The management of energy expenditure (EE) exhibited by animals has previously been considered in terms of three patterns: the constrained, independent and performance patterns of energy management. These patterns can be interpreted by regressing daily EE against maintenance EE measured over extended periods. From the multiple studies on this topic, there is equivocal evidence about the existence of universal patterns in certain aspects of energy management. 2. The implicit assumption that animals exhibit specifically one of three discrete energy management patterns, and without variation, seems simplistic. We suggest that animals can exhibit gradations of different energy management patterns and that the exact pattern will fluctuate as their environmental context changes. 3. To investigate these ideas, and for possible large‐scale patterns in energy management, we analysed long‐term heart rate data—a strong proxy for EE—across and within individuals in 16 species of birds, mammals and fish. 4. Our analyses of 292 individuals representing 46,539 observation‐days suggest that vertebrates typically exhibit predominantly the independent or performance energy patterns at the across‐individual level, and that the pattern does not associate with taxonomic group. Within individuals, however, animals generally exhibit some degree of energy constraint. Together, these findings indicate that across diverse species, some individuals supply more energy to all aspects of their life than do others, however all individuals must trade‐off deployment of their available energy between competing functions. This demonstrates that within‐individual analyses are essential for the interpretation of energy management patterns. 5. We also found that species do not necessarily exhibit a fixed energy management pattern but rather temporal variation in their energy management over the year. Animals’ energy management exhibited stronger energy constraint during periods of higher EE, which typically coincided with clear and key life cycle events such as reproduction, suggesting an adaptive plasticity to respond to fluctuating energy demands.

Citation

Halsey, L. G., Green, J. A., Twiss, S. D., Arnold, W., Burthe, S. J., Butler, P. J., …Careau, V. (2019). Flexibility, variability and constraint in energy management patterns across vertebrate taxa revealed by long‐term heart rate measurements. Functional Ecology, 33(2), 260-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13264

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Nov 28, 2018
Online Publication Date Dec 16, 2018
Publication Date Feb 28, 2019
Deposit Date Feb 7, 2019
Publicly Available Date Mar 28, 2024
Journal Functional Ecology
Print ISSN 0269-8463
Electronic ISSN 1365-2435
Publisher Wiley
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 33
Issue 2
Pages 260-272
DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13264