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A Reference Architecture for Plausible Threat Image Projection (TIP) Within 3D X-ray Computed Tomography Volumes

Wang, Q.; Megherbi, N.; Breckon, T.P.

A Reference Architecture for Plausible Threat Image Projection (TIP) Within 3D X-ray Computed Tomography Volumes Thumbnail


Authors

Q. Wang

N. Megherbi



Abstract

BACKGROUND: Threat Image Projection (TIP) is a technique used in X-ray security baggage screening systems that superimposes a threat object signature onto a benign X-ray baggage image in a plausible and realistic manner. It has been shown to be highly effective in evaluating the ongoing performance of human operators, improving their vigilance and performance on threat detection. OBJECTIVE: With the increasing use of 3D Computed Tomography (CT) in aviation security for both hold and cabin baggage screening a significant challenge arises in extending TIP to 3D CT volumes due to the difficulty in 3D CT volume segmentation and the proper insertion location determination. In this paper, we present an approach for 3D TIP in CT volumes targeting realistic and plausible threat object insertion within 3D CT baggage images. METHOD: The proposed approach consists of dual threat (source) and baggage (target) volume segmentation, particle swarm optimisation based insertion determination and metal artefact generation. In our experiments, real baggage data collected from airports are used to generate TIP volumes for evaluation. We also propose a TIP quality score metric to automatically estimate the quality of generated TIP volumes. RESULT: In our experiments with real baggage CT volumes and varying threat items, 90.25% of the generated TIP volumes are graded as good by human evaluation, 7% of them are of medium quality with minor flaws and 2.75% of them are bad. CONCLUSION: Qualitative evaluations on real 3D CT baggage imagery show that our approach is able to generate realistic and plausible TIP which are indiscernible from real CT volumes and the TIP quality scores are consistent with human evaluations.

Citation

Wang, Q., Megherbi, N., & Breckon, T. (2020). A Reference Architecture for Plausible Threat Image Projection (TIP) Within 3D X-ray Computed Tomography Volumes. Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology: Clinical Applications of Diagnosis and Therapeutics, 28(3), 507-526. https://doi.org/10.3233/xst-200654

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Apr 5, 2020
Online Publication Date Jun 9, 2020
Publication Date 2020
Deposit Date Apr 23, 2020
Publicly Available Date Mar 29, 2024
Journal Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
Print ISSN 0895-3996
Electronic ISSN 1095-9114
Publisher IOS Press
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 28
Issue 3
Pages 507-526
DOI https://doi.org/10.3233/xst-200654

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