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Direct Visualization of Single Ions in the Stern Layer of Calcite

Ricci, M.; Spijker, P.; Stellacci, F.; Molinari, J.-F.; Voïtchovsky, K.

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Authors

M. Ricci

P. Spijker

F. Stellacci

J.-F. Molinari



Abstract

Calcite is among the most abundant minerals on earth and plays a central role in many environmental and geochemical processes. Here we used amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in a particular regime to visualize single ions close to the (101̅4) surface of calcite in solution. The results were acquired at equilibrium, in aqueous solution containing different concentrations of NaCl, RbCl, and CaCl2. The AFM images provide a direct and atomic-level picture of the different cations adsorbed preferentially at certain locations of the calcite–water interface. Highly ordered water layers at the calcite surface prevent the hydrated ions from directly interacting with calcite due to the energy penalty incurred by the necessary restructuring of the ions’ solvation shells. Controlled removal of the adsorbed ions from the interface by the AFM tip provides indications about the stability of the adsorption site. The AFM results show the familiar “row pairing” of the carbonate oxygen atoms, with the adsorbed monovalent cations located adjacent to the most prominent oxygen atoms. The location of adsorbed cations near the surface appears better defined for monovalent ions than for Ca2+, consistent with the idea that Ca2+ ions remain further away from the surface of calcite due to their larger hydration shell. The precise distance between the different hydrated ions and the surface of calcite is quantified using MD simulation. The preferential adsorption sites found by MD as well as the ion residence times close to the surface support the AFM findings, with Na+ ions dwelling substantially longer and closer to the calcite surface than Ca2+. The results also bring new insights into the problem of the Stern and electrostatic double layer at the surface of calcite, showing that parameters such as the thickness of the Stern layer can be highly ion dependent.

Citation

Ricci, M., Spijker, P., Stellacci, F., Molinari, J., & Voïtchovsky, K. (2013). Direct Visualization of Single Ions in the Stern Layer of Calcite. Langmuir, 29(7), 2207-2216. https://doi.org/10.1021/la3044736

Journal Article Type Article
Publication Date Feb 19, 2013
Deposit Date Oct 16, 2013
Publicly Available Date Mar 28, 2024
Journal Langmuir
Print ISSN 0743-7463
Electronic ISSN 1520-5827
Publisher American Chemical Society
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 29
Issue 7
Pages 2207-2216
DOI https://doi.org/10.1021/la3044736

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Copyright Statement
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Langmuir, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la3044736.





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