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Source and pathway analysis of lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lisbon urban soils.

Marinho Reis, Amélia Paula and Shepherd, Thomas and Nowell, Geoff and Cachada, Anabela and Duarte, Armando Costa and Cave, Mark and Wragg, Joanna and Patinha, Carla and Dias, Ana and Rocha, Fernando and da Silva, Eduardo Ferreira and Sousa, António Jorge and Prazeres, Cátia and Batista, Maria João (2016) 'Source and pathway analysis of lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lisbon urban soils.', Science of the total environment., 573 . pp. 324-336.

Abstract

One hundred soil samples were collected from urban spaces, in Lisbon, Portugal, in two surveys that were carried out in consecutive years, to assess the potential adverse human health effects following exposure to potentially toxic elements and organic compounds in the urban soils. The study hereby described follows on from the earlier work of the authors and aims at performing a source-pathway-fate analysis of lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban soils in order to increase current knowledge on factors influencing exposure of the population. Various techniques were combined to achieve the proposed goal. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources were apportioned by means of Pb isotope mixing models. Isotope data was further coupled with geographic information system mapping to assess local mixed sources of Pb and PAHs. Unleaded vehicle exhaust and cement production show the largest relative contribution to the total soil-Pb, but their respective importance depends on factors such as location and urban landscape. The primary sources of PAHs to the urban soils are probably air and land traffic. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate which soil properties could influence mobility and fate of the contaminants. Whilst principal components analysis indicates carbonates and other calcium phases as probable factors controlling the dispersion of Pb in the urban soils, the linear models obtained from stepwise multiple regression analysis show that soil phosphorous (P) and manganese (Mn) are good predictors of the total soil Pb content. No robust model was obtained for the PAHs, impeding identifying environmental factors most likely to influence their dispersion in the urban soils. The solid-phase distribution study provided critical information to untangle the, at a first glance, contradictory results obtained by the multivariate analysis. Carbonates and other calcium phases, having these a probable anthropogenic origin, are soil components containing major fractions of Pb, P, and Mn.

Item Type:Article
Full text:(AM) Accepted Manuscript
Available under License - Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives.
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Status:Peer-reviewed
Publisher Web site:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.119
Publisher statement:© 2016 This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Date accepted:17 August 2016
Date deposited:13 July 2018
Date of first online publication:26 August 2016
Date first made open access:13 July 2018

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