Evans, David J.A. and Roberts, David H. and Hiemstra, John F. and Nye, Kathryn M. and Wright, Hanna and Steer, Andrew (2018) 'Submarginal debris transport and till formation in active temperate glacier systems : the southeast Iceland type locality.', Quaternary science reviews., 195 . pp. 72-108.
Abstract
Exhaustive sedimentological analysis of freshly exposed subglacial surfaces and moraines in southern Iceland provides diagnostic sedimentological signatures of: a) debris transport pathways through active temperate glacier snouts; and b) till production in subglacial traction zones dominated by deforming layers. Three till end members are recognised based on stratigraphic architecture: 1) thin and patchy tills over eroded bedrock; 2) single push moraines and complexes; and 3) overridden moraines or outwash fans. Typical till thicknesses are 0.10–1.40 m, with each till relating to a deformation event driven by the seasonally tuned processes of glacier sub-marginal shearing, freeze-on, squeezing and bulldozing. Clast form trends demonstrate progressive modification towards mature forms in subglacial traction zones with till being clearly differentiated from scree and glacifluvial deposits. Clast macrofabric strengths are variable, rarely matching those of laboratory shearing experiments, except where obviously lodged clasts are abundant. They also consistently record former glacier flow directions. But localized variability is introduced by bedrock protuberances, cavity infill, clast interference and freshly imported plucked clasts. Within tills, macrofabrics strengthen from lower (B horizon) to upper (A horizon) tills but at the outer edges of sub-marginally thickening till wedges or push moraines, seasonally-driven cycles of squeezing/flowage, freeze-on/melt-out and bulldozing give rise to a range of clast macrofabric strengths as well as superimposed deformation signatures. This reflects two extremes of till emplacement including the more mobile, flowing and often liquefied matrixes in push/squeeze moraines and, in contrast, the lodgement, deformation and ploughing at the thin end of sub-marginal till wedges.
Item Type: | Article |
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Full text: | (AM) Accepted Manuscript Available under License - Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives. Download PDF (125702Kb) |
Status: | Peer-reviewed |
Publisher Web site: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.002 |
Publisher statement: | © 2018 This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
Date accepted: | 04 July 2018 |
Date deposited: | 23 October 2018 |
Date of first online publication: | 18 July 2018 |
Date first made open access: | 18 July 2019 |
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